One Big Beautiful Bill Act

This bill reduces taxes, reduces or increases spending for various federal programs, increases the statutory debt limit, and otherwise addresses agencies and programs throughout the federal government.  

It is known as a reconciliation bill and includes legislation submitted by several congressional committees pursuant to provisions in the FY2025 congressional budget resolution (H Con. Res. 14) that directed the committees to submit legislation to the House or Senate Budget Committee that will increase or decrease the deficit and increase the statutory debt limit by specified amounts. (Reconciliation bills are considered by Congress using expedited legislative procedures that prevent a filibuster and restrict amendments in the Senate.)

TITLE I--COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE, NUTRITION, AND FORESTRY

This title addresses a wide range of Department of Agriculture (USDA) programs, including by changing the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and extending programs authorized by the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (commonly known as the 2018 farm bill).

Subtitle A--Nutrition

(Sec. 10101) This section prohibits USDA from increasing the cost of the Thrifty Food Plan (TFP) based on a reevaluation of the contents of the TFP (i.e., the market basket of goods). Further, any annual adjustment to the cost of the plan must be based on the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers.

As background, USDA created the TFP (the cost of purchasing a nutritionally adequate low-cost diet), which is used to determine maximum monthly benefits under the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). USDA calculates the cost of the TFP each year to account for food price inflation. Maximum allotments are set at the monthly cost of the TFP for a four-person family, adjusted for family size. Under a provision of the 2018 farm bill, USDA must reevaluate the market basket of goods every five years based on current food prices, food composition data, consumption patterns, and dietary guidance.

(Sec. 10102) This section expands the applicability of work requirements for SNAP recipients who are able-bodied adults without dependents (ABAWDs).

As background, these SNAP recipients have work-related requirements in addition to the general SNAP work registration and employment and training requirements. SNAP law limits benefits to ABAWDs to 3 months out of a 36-month period, unless the participant meets the additional work-related requirements. 

Specifically, the section amends the exemptions to this requirement.

First, the section applies the work requirements for ABAWDs to adults who are not over 65 years old, whereas these requirements currently apply to adults who are not over 55 years old.

Second, the ABAWD exemption for a parent or household member with responsibility for a dependent child is restricted to a dependent child under the age of 14. Currently, those with a child under the age of 18 are exempt from the requirements.

This section includes an exception for individuals who are Indians, Urban Indians, or California Indians (as these terms are defined by the Indian Health Care Improvement Act). 

In addition, the section eliminates the current exemptions from the ABAWD work requirements for homeless individuals, veterans, and certain foster care individuals (those who are 24 years old or younger and were in foster care on the date of attaining 18 years of age or a higher age).

Finally, this section modifies the ABAWD waiver program's allowable state exemptions. Under current law, an ABAWD waiver program allows state exemptions based on an area having an unemployment rate of over 10% or an insufficient number of jobs. The section allows Alaska and Hawaii to qualify for the state exemption with an unemployment rate that is at or above 1.5 times the national unemployment rate. Further, the section repeals the provision that allows a state exemption if that area does not have a sufficient number of jobs.

(Sec. 10103) This section limits the availability of the Standard Utility Allowance (SUA) for determining SNAP income eligibility. Specifically, only households that include an elderly or disabled member may be considered automatically eligible for the SUA based on participation in the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP) or a similar energy assistance program.

As background, when determining a household’s eligibility for SNAP, states consider the total shelter costs for a household, including the cost of utilities. States can use SUAs, which are standard amounts that represent low-income household utility costs in the state or local area. Currently, all LIHEAP participants who receive a minimum benefit are eligible for the SUA for determining SNAP income eligibility.

(Sec.10104) This section prohibits any service fee associated with an internet connection  from being used in computing the excess shelter expense deduction for the purposes of determining the size of household SNAP benefits.

(Sec. 10105) This section establishes state-matching fund requirements for the cost of SNAP program allotments beginning in FY2028. The state contribution ranges from 0% to 15% for the cost of SNAP program allotments and is based on the state’s SNAP payment error rate. Currently, the state match is 0%.

For FY2028, a state may elect either the FY2025 or FY2026 payment error rate to calculate its state-matching fund requirement. For FY2029 and each fiscal year thereafter, the state match is calculated using the payment error rate that is three fiscal years prior.

Any state that has a payment error rate that is less than 6% will have a state match of 0% (i.e., the state does not have to contribute).

A state with a payment error rate that is

• at least 6% but less than 8% must contribute 5%,
• at least 8% but less than 10% must contribute 10%, and
• 10% or greater must contribute 15%.

(Sec. 10106) This section reduces the amount that USDA may pay a state agency for administrative costs for the operation of SNAP to 25% of all administrative costs beginning in FY2027 and for each fiscal year thereafter. Currently, USDA must pay 50% of all administrative costs, thus this section increases the state share of administrative costs from 50% to 75%.

(Sec. 10107) This section eliminates funding for the SNAP Nutrition Education and Obesity Prevention Grant Program (SNAP-ED).

(Sec. 10108) This section limits SNAP benefits to individuals who reside in the United States and are (1) U.S. citizens or U.S. nationals; (2) aliens lawfully admitted for permanent residence as an immigrant, with exceptions; (3) aliens who have been granted the status of Cuban or Haitian entrant; or (4) individuals who are lawfully residing in the United States in accordance with the Compacts of Free Association between the United States and Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and Palau.

Currently, SNAP eligibility extends to additional individuals who are classified as an alien under federal law, including an alien who has qualified for conditional entry under the asylum and refugee laws.

Subtitle B-- Forestry

(Sec. 10201) This section rescinds certain funds provided to the Forest Service as part of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. For example, this includes the rescission of funds for 

• the protection of old-growth forests on National Forest System land,
• grants for nonfederal forest landowners for climate mitigation or forest resilience practices,
• grants for state and private forestry conservation programs for tree planting, and
• administrative costs for the National Forest System to implement these and other related programs.

Subtitle C--Commodities

This subtitle amends and extends commodity support programs.

For example, the subtitle extends the Price Loss Coverage Program, the Agricultural Risk Coverage Program, and Dairy Margin Coverage through crop year 2031. It also modifies various requirements for the programs.

(Sec. 10313) This section provides for a number of changes to Dairy Margin Coverage (DMC), which include

• changing the definition of production history to remove the consideration of production at the time the dairy operation first registered to participate in the DMC program;
• setting production history for the DMC program as the highest annual milk marketings for participating dairies during calendar year 2021, 2022, or 2023;
• raising the coverage limit to the first 6 million pounds for both Tier I and Tier II premiums, from the first 5 million pounds; and
• allowing producers to receive a 25% premium discount for a one-time premium election covering calendar years 2026-2031.

Subtitle D--Disaster Assistance Programs

This subtitle expands the types of eligible losses covered under the permanently authorized agricultural disaster assistance programs, which include the Livestock Indemnity Program; the Livestock Forage Disaster Program; the Emergency Assistance for Livestock, Honey Bees, and Farm-Raised Fish Program; and the Tree Assistance Program. This subtitle also increases coverage levels and lowers the threshold for triggering payments for certain eligible losses.

Subtitle E--Crop Insurance

This subtitle increases certain crop insurance premium subsidies and increases additional premium subsidies available for beginning farmers and ranchers. The subtitle also increases coverage levels for Supplemental Coverage Option and Whole Farm Revenue Protection policies, increases support for administrative and operating costs incurred by approved crop insurance providers, and increases funds available for program compliance and integrity.

In addition, this subtitle provides for the establishment of a Poultry Insurance Pilot Program in order to provide index-based insurance for contract poultry growers.

Subtitle F--Additional Investments in Rural America 

(Sec. 10601) This section reauthorizes or modifies the funding levels for the following programs through FY2031:

• Agriculture Conservation Easement Program (ACEP),
• Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP),
• Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP),
• Regional Conservation Partnership Program (RCPP),
• Grassroots Source Water Protection Program,
• Voluntary Public Access and Habitat Incentive Program,
• Watershed and Flood Prevention Operations Program, and
• Feral Swine Eradication and Control Pilot Program.

This section also rescinds the unobligated funds that were provided for the ACEP, EQIP, CSP, and RCPP conservation programs as part of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022.

(Sec. 10602) This section directs USDA to carry out a program to encourage the accessibility, development, maintenance, and expansion of commercial export markets for U.S. agricultural commodities. This section also provides $285 million in mandatory funding for the program for FY2027 and each fiscal year thereafter.

(Sec. 10603) This section extends funding for the Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP) through FY2031. TEFAP provides food commodities (and cash support for storage and distribution costs) through states to local emergency feeding organizations (e.g., food banks).

(Sec. 10604) This section reauthorizes and provides funding for a number of USDA research initiatives.

For example, this section provides specified funds to the 1890 National Scholars Program for FY2026 for student scholarships. This National Institute of Food and Agriculture program provides grants to 1890 Institutions (i.e., historically Black colleges and universities that belong to the U.S. land-grant university system) for students who intend to pursue a career in the food and agricultural sciences.

This section provides the Specialty Crop Research Initiative with $175 million in mandatory funding for FY2026. Currently, the program is funded at $80 million for each fiscal year.

This section also provides funding for competitive grants to assist in the construction, alteration, acquisition, modernization, renovation, or remodeling of Agricultural Research Facilities.

(Sec. 10605) This section reauthorizes, and extends funding for, the bioenergy program for advanced biofuels (i.e., Advanced Biofuel Payment Program) through FY2031. The program provides payments to fuel producers to support and expand production of advanced biofuels (i.e., not derived from corn starch).

(Sec. 10606) This section provides additional funding for the Plant Pest and Disease Management Disaster Prevention Program for FY2026 and each fiscal year thereafter.

This section provides additional funding for the Specialty Crop Block Grant Program for FY2026 and each fiscal year thereafter. Under the block grant program, USDA provides grants to the state departments of agriculture to enhance the competitiveness of specialty crops (i.e., fruits, vegetables, tree nuts, dried fruits, horticulture, and nursery crops, including floriculture).

The section also reauthorizes, and extends funding for, organic production and market data initiatives through FY2031.

This section reauthorizes, and extends funding through FY2026, for USDA to carry out the modernization and improvement of international trade technology systems and data collection on imports of organically produced agricultural products accepted into the United States.

The section also reauthorizes through FY2031 the Organic Certification Cost Share Program, which provides cost share assistance to producers and handlers of agricultural products who are obtaining or renewing their certification under the National Organic Program.

This section reauthorizes, and extends funding through FY2026, for the multiple crop and pesticide use survey of farmers. The USDA Office of Pest Management Policy conducts this survey to collect data for risk assessment modeling and mitigation for an active ingredient.

(Sec. 10607) This section increases funding for the National Animal Health Laboratory Network. Specific increases in funding are also provided for the National Animal Disease Preparedness and Response Program and the National Animal Vaccine and Veterinary Countermeasures Bank.

This section extends and increases funding for the Sheep Production & Marketing Grant Program through FY2026. This program seeks to strengthen and enhance the production and marketing of sheep and sheep products in the United States.

This section also extends the

• Pima Agriculture Cotton Trust Fund through December 31, 2031, which provides assistance to reduce the economic injury to domestic manufacturers resulting from tariffs on cotton fabric that are higher than tariffs on certain apparel articles made of cotton fabric;
• Agriculture Wool Apparel Manufacturers Trust Fund through December 31, 2031, which provides assistance to reduce the economic injury to domestic manufacturers resulting from tariffs on wool fabric that are higher than tariffs on certain apparel articles made of wool fabric;
• Wool Research and Promotion Program through FY2031, which provides grants to assist U.S. wool producers with improving the quality of wool and with developing and promoting the wool market; and
• Emergency Citrus Disease Research and Development Trust Fund through FY2031, which funds a program that aims to bring together scientists to find scientifically sound and financially sustainable solutions to Huanglongbing (i.e., citrus greening, a bacterial disease spread by an insect that feeds on citrus).

TITLE II--COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES

(Sec. 20001) This section provides additional funding for FY2025 to the Department of Defense (DOD) for

• the Marine Corps Barracks 2030 initiative,
• the Defense Health Program,
• supplemental payments of Basic Allowance for Housing to military personnel, and
• tuition assistance and child care assistance for members of the Armed Forces.

The section also provides statutory authority to extend from 14 to 21 days eligibility for Temporary Lodging Expense (TLE) for certain servicemembers undergoing a permanent change of station.

Additionally, the section temporarily increases authorized investment amounts and provides additional authorization for the acquisition or construction of certain military housing through private contracts.

(Sec. 20002) This section provides additional funding for FY2025 for the shipbuilding industrial base and various naval shipbuilding activities. 

(Sec. 20003) This section provides additional funding for FY2025 for the development of (1) space-based missile intercept capabilities, (2) military space-based sensors, and (3) the continued development of ground-based missile defense systems and related infrastructure.

(Sec. 20004) This section provides additional funding for FY2025 for various military weapon systems, including hypersonic, air-to-air, cruise, and anti-ship missiles.

The section also provides additional funding for FY2025 for the Industrial Base Fund.

(Sec. 20005) This section provides additional funding for FY2025 to expand the small, unmanned aerial system (UAS) industrial base, to advance the use of artificial intelligence in these and other systems, and to support the integration of commercial developments in military technology.

The section also provides additional funding to finance loans and loan guarantees by the DOD Office of Strategic Capital.

(Sec. 20006) This section provides additional funding for FY2025 to replace current business systems, deploy automation, and deploy artificial intelligence to accelerate audits of DOD financial statements.

(Sec. 20007) This section provides additional funding for FY2025 to (1) modernize the capabilities of fighter, transport, and other military aircraft; (2) prevent the retirement of certain fighter aircraft (e.g., F-22); and (3) produce next-generation manned and unmanned aircraft.

(Sec. 20008) This section provides additional funding for FY2025 for nuclear defense resources and nuclear forces development and production. This includes additional funding to expand the production capacity of the B-21 long-range bomber aircraft.

The section also provides additional funding for FY2025 for the National Nuclear Security Administration.

(Sec. 20009) This section provides additional funding for FY2025 for (1) various military exercises and infrastructure in the Indo-Pacific region, and (2) the development and procurement of military satellites.

(Sec. 20010) This section provides additional funding for FY2025 to enhance and modernize (1) military depots and shipyards, (2) Special Operations Command (SOCOM) equipment, and (3) Air Force facilities. 

(Sec. 20011) This section provides additional funding for FY2025 to support border operations, including deployment of military personnel.

(Sec. 20012) This section provides additional funding for FY2025 for the DOD Office of Inspector General to monitor the activities for which funding is provided under this title.

(Sec. 20013) This section authorizes each military department to use funding under this title for military construction, land acquisition, and military family housing. Each military department must submit a detailed spending plan to Congress.

TITLE III--COMMITTEE ON BANKING, HOUSING, AND URBAN AFFAIRS

(Sec. 30001) This section reduces funding for the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.

(Sec. 30002) This section rescinds unobligated funds from the Green and Resilient Retrofit Program under the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The program provides funding for energy efficiency improvements in multifamily properties receiving HUD assistance.

(Sec. 30003) This section closes the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Reserve Fund and transfers the remaining amounts to the general fund of the Treasury. The fund pays for SEC expenses and is not subject to annual appropriation.

(Sec. 30004) This section provides additional funding to carry out activities under the Defense Production Act of 1950. The act confers on the President a broad set of authorities to influence domestic industry in the interest of national defense. 

TITLE IV--COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION

(Sec. 40001) This section provides the Coast Guard with funds for FY2025, to remain available through FY2029, to use expedited processes to (1) procure or acquire new operational assets and systems; (2) maintain existing assets and systems; (3) design, construct, plan, engineer, and improve necessary shore infrastructure; and (4) enhance operational resilience for monitoring, search and rescue, interdiction, hardening of maritime approaches, and navigational safety.

This includes specified funds for

• fixed and rotary wing aircraft,
• long-range unmanned aircraft and base stations,
• Offshore Patrol Cutters,
• Fast Response Cutters,
• Polar Security Cutters,
• Arctic Security Cutters,
• light and medium icebreaking cutters, and
• depot maintenance.

(Sec. 40002) This section renews the authority of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to auction licenses for the use of radio frequency spectrum and requires the FCC to auction at least 800 megahertz of spectrum within a specified time frame.

Specifically, this section reauthorizes the FCC’s use of competitive bidding (i.e., auctions) to grant licenses for the use of specific frequencies through September 30, 2034. (The FCC’s auction authority must be renewed by Congress periodically. It expired on March 9, 2023, and has not been renewed.) However, the FCC is not authorized to auction certain frequencies used primarily by the Department of Defense.

During this period of renewed auction authority, the FCC is required to auction at least 300 megahertz of spectrum, including at least 100 megahertz in specified frequencies (known as the Upper C-Band) within two years of this title’s enactment.

Further, within four years of this title’s enactment, the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) must identify 500 megahertz of additional spectrum currently allocated to the federal government for reallocation and auction. Specifically, the NTIA must select spectrum at frequencies between 1.3 and 10.5 gigahertz for reallocation to nonfederal use or shared federal use for full-power commercial licensed use cases (e.g., commercial mobile phone service). In selecting spectrum for reallocation, the NTIA must assess the feasibility of reallocating specific frequencies with the goal of maximizing auction proceeds.

The FCC must auction the frequencies identified for reallocation within a specified time frame, and must complete auctions for the full 500 megahertz within eight years of this title’s enactment. 

If necessary to protect U.S. national security, the President must modify or withdraw any frequency identified for reallocation at least 60 days before an auction of that frequency.

Finally, this section provides funding for the NTIA to conduct a timely spectrum analysis of certain frequency bands and to publish a report, biennially through 2034, on the value of all spectrum used by federal entities.

(Sec. 40003) This section provides the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) with specified funds for FY2025, to remain available through FY2029. This includes additional funding for 

• telecommunications infrastructure modernization and systems upgrades;
• radar systems replacement;
• runway safety technologies, runway lighting systems, and airport surface surveillance technologies;
• Automated Weather Observing Systems and Visual Weather Observing Systems;
• the Don Young Alaska Aviation Safety Initiative;
• a new air route traffic control center (ARTCC) and an ARTCC Realignment and Consolidation Effort;
• recapitalization and consolidation of terminal radar approach control facilities (TRACONs);
• the deployment of remote tower technology at untowered airports; and
• air traffic controller advanced training technologies.

The FAA must submit a report to Congress every 90 days on these expenditures.

(Sec. 40004) This section requires the FAA to impose a specified fee on each commercial space launch or reentry carried out beginning in 2026. 

This section also establishes an account within the U.S. Treasury wherein all commercial space launch and reentry fees must be deposited. The FAA must use a certain portion of such funds for (1) expenses of the FAA’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation, which administers commercial space launch and reentry permitting; and (2) a project to expedite the development, acquisition, and deployment of technologies or capabilities to aid in space launch and reentry integration.

(Sec. 40005) This section provides specified funding to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for Moon and Mars missions, infrastructure improvements at NASA facilities, and other NASA projects.

Specifically, this section includes funding for the procurement of a high-performance Mars telecommunications orbiter; for the procurement and operation of the Space Launch System for Artemis missions IV and V; and for expenses related to the operation and eventual deorbiting of the International Space Station.

This section also requires NASA to identify a space vehicle that has carried astronauts and flown in space to be relocated and placed on public display near a NASA field center. The space vehicle must be transported to this new location within 18 months of this title’s enactment. This section provides funding to NASA to carry out this requirement, including certain funds that must be transferred to a selected entity for the construction of a facility to house the space vehicle.

(Sec. 40006) This section sets the civil penalty to $0 for a violation by a manufacturer of the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standard. 

Currently, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s (NHTSA’s) CAFE standards regulate how far vehicles must travel on a gallon of fuel. NHTSA enforces the standards through civil penalties. By reducing the penalty to $0, this section effectively eliminates the civil penalty and the ability of NHTSA to enforce the standards.

(Sec. 40007) This section increases the amount of the lease payment that the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA) must pay to the federal government for Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport and Washington Dulles International Airport. 

Specifically, MWAA must pay $15 million per year (adjusted annually for inflation) beginning in 2027. This amount must be renegotiated at least once every 10 years to ensure that the amount is not less than $15 million in 2027 dollars. Under current law, MWAA pays $3 million per year (adjusted annually for inflation). For 2025, the projected payment is approximately $7.5 million.

(Sec. 40008) This section rescinds specified funds that were provided to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for certain facilities, activities, and research.

Specifically, this section rescinds funds that were provided to NOAA for (1) the provision of financial or technical assistance to coastal states and other entities for conservation, restoration, and protection of coastal and marine habitats and to enable preparation for extreme weather; (2) NOAA facilities, including piers, fisheries laboratories, and national marine sanctuaries; (3) reviews of planning, permitting, and approval processes; and (4) weather research and forecasting innovations, including a grant program to support climate research.

(Sec. 40009) This section reduces funding for the Corporation for Travel Promotion (i.e., Brand USA) to $20 million per year through FY2027 from the current level of $100 million per year. Established by the Travel Promotion Act of 2009, Brand USA is a public-private partnership tasked with promoting tourism in the United States.

(Sec. 40010) This section rescinds the unobligated balances for the FAA Alternative Fuel and Low-Emission Aviation Technology Program, which includes the Fueling Aviation’s Sustainable Transition (FAST), that was funded as part of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022.

(Sec. 40011) This section rescinds specified funds that were provided for the Public Wireless Supply Chain Innovation Fund, a competitive grant program administered by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration that funds efforts to accelerate the development, deployment, and adoption of Open Radio Access Networks (Open RAN). (Open RAN is a nonproprietary, standardized network deployment approach that promotes open networks with interoperable equipment and virtualized network operations.)

TITLE V--COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES 

Subtitle A--Oil and Gas Leasing 

(Sec. 50101) This section generally reduces restrictions on onshore development of oil and gas on federal lands, including by (1) decreasing the minimum royalty rates, (2) reinstating noncompetitive leasing, (3) directing the Department of the Interior to immediately resume onshore quarterly lease sales, and (4) directing Interior to approve applications that allow for the commingling of production from two or more sources (e.g., the area of an oil and gas lease and nonfederal property) before production reaches the point of royalty measurement if certain conditions are met. 

(Sec. 50102) This section generally reduces restrictions on offshore development of oil and gas on federal lands, including by directing Interior to hold a specified number of offshore oil and gas lease sales on certain submerged lands of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS), including areas in the Gulf of America and the Cook Inlet Planning Area in Alaska.

This section also directs Interior to approve operator requests to commingle production from multiple reservoirs within a single wellbore completed on the OCS of the Gulf of America unless conclusive evidence shows the practice would be unsafe or reduce the recovery of oil.

Further, this section decreases the minimum royalty rates for federal leases for offshore development of oil and gas.

This section also modifies the Gulf of Mexico Energy Security Act of 2006 to raise the cap on the distribution of OCS revenues from $500 million to $650 million per year for FY2025-FY2034.

(Sec. 50103) This section ends royalty payments on methane gas extracted from federal lands. 

(Sec. 50104) This section modifies provisions concerning the production of oil and gas from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in Alaska. 

(Sec. 50105) This section restores and resumes the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPR-A) oil and gas program. It also outlines how the revenues derived from the program must be divided between Alaska and the federal government.

Subtitle B--Mining 

(Sec. 50201) This section directs Interior to publish an environmental review, hold certain coal lease sales, and issue the leases for certain coal lease applications within 90 days after enactment.

(Sec. 50202) This section temporarily decreases the royalty rate for coal leases on federal lands.

(Sec. 50203) This section requires Interior to make available for lease known recoverable coal resources of at least 4 million additional acres on certain federal land.

(Sec. 50204) This section authorizes mining of all federal coal reserves located in federal land subject to a previously approved mining plan and adjacent to coal reserves in adjacent state or private lands. 

Subtitle C--Lands 

(Sec. 50301) This section directs the Forest Service to annually, beginning in FY2026 and through FY2034, to sell a quantity of timber on National Forest System land that is at least 250 million board feet greater than the quantity that was sold in the previous fiscal year, subject to forest plan limits. 

The Forest Service must annually enter into at least 40 20-year or longer contracts with private persons or other entities for the sale of national forest materials for FY2025-FY2034. 

The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) must annually, beginning in FY2026 and through FY2034, sell a quantity of timber on public land that is at least 20 million board feet greater than the quantity that was sold in the previous fiscal year, subject to resource management plan limits.

This section also directs the BLM to annually enter into at least five 20-year or longer contracts with private persons or other entities to dispose of vegetative materials on certain federal lands for FY2025-FY2034. 

(Sec. 50302) This section establishes requirements related to renewable energy fees on federal lands, including by providing statutory authority for annual acreage rent for wind and solar rights-of-way.

(Sec. 50303) This section provides a mechanism for states, counties, and the federal government to share revenues from renewable energy projects on public lands.

(Sec. 50304) This section rescinds certain funding for Interior to carry out certain projects concerning the conservation, protection, and resiliency of lands and resources administered by the National Park Service (NPS) and the BLM.

This section also rescinds funding for (1) certain conservation and ecosystem and habitat restoration projects on lands administered by the NPS and the BLM. and (2) hiring NPS employees. 

(Sec. 50305) This section provides funding to the NPS for events, celebrations, and activities related to the 250th anniversary of America’s founding.

Subtitle D--Energy 

(Sec. 50401) This section provides funding for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR). It also repeals a provision that requires the Department of Energy (DOE) to draw down and sell a specified quantity of crude oil from the SPR during FY2026-FY2027. 

(Sec. 50402) This section reinstates the cap on the total amount of loans that may be provided under the Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program, a DOE program that provides loans to facilities that manufacture advanced vehicles that emit either a low amount or no amount of greenhouse gases.

This section also rescinds the unobligated funds that were provided by the Inflation Reduction Act for various energy programs, such as State-Based Home Energy Efficiency Contractor Training Grants, the Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program, and the Tribal Energy Loan Guarantee Program.

(Sec. 50403) This section revises the types of projects eligible for energy infrastructure reinvestment financing. In particular, this financing is no longer available for projects that avoid or reduce air pollutants or greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Additionally, fossil fuel projects under this program are no longer required to have controls or technologies to avoid or reduce air pollutants or GHG emissions. 

The section expands the program to include projects involving critical minerals. Projects that support or enable the provision of known or forecastable electric supply at time intervals necessary to maintain or enhance grid reliability or other system adequacy needs are also now eligible for this financing. The section also provides additional funding for the program. 

(Sec. 50404) This section provides funding for partnerships between the National Laboratories and U.S. industry to organize DOE data for use in artificial intelligence and machine learning models. DOE must also initiate seed efforts for self-improving artificial intelligence models for science and engineering using this data. These models must be provided to the scientific community through a system of programs and infrastructure using cloud computing. This section also allows this data to be used to develop next-generation microelectronics.

Subtitle E--Water

(Sec. 50501) This section provides funding to the Bureau of Reclamation for construction and associated activities that increase the capacity of existing Reclamation surface water storage facilities or conveyance facilities.

TITLE VI--COMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC WORKS

(Sec. 60001) This section rescinds unobligated funds for the program under which the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provides (1) grants and rebates to replace certain medium-duty vehicles (e.g., school buses) and heavy-duty vehicles (e.g., garbage trucks) with zero-emission vehicles, and (2) awards to replace such vehicles in communities located in areas designated as nonattainment areas under the Clean Air Act (e.g., areas that do not meet national air quality standards).

(Sec. 60002) This section repeals and rescinds unobligated funds for the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund, which provides financial and technical assistance to states and other eligible recipients to help enable low-income and disadvantaged communities carry out activities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

(Sec. 60003) This section rescinds unobligated funds for an EPA program that gives grants, rebates, and loans under the Energy Policy Act of 2005 to identify and reduce diesel emissions resulting from goods movement (e.g., distribution of raw materials and consumer products) facilities as well as vehicles servicing those facilities in low-income and disadvantaged communities.

(Sec. 60004) This section rescinds unobligated funds for a variety of programs that provide incentives to monitor and reduce air pollution and greenhouse gases, including funding for grants and other activities to

• deploy, integrate, support, and maintain stations, technology, and other methods to monitor air toxins;
• expand the national ambient air quality monitoring network with new multi-pollutant monitoring stations;
• replace, repair, operate, and maintain existing monitors;
• deploy, integrate, and operate air quality sensors in low-income and disadvantaged communities;
• address emissions from wood heaters;
• monitor emissions of methane;
• conduct research and development related to the prevention and control of air pollution; and
• encourage states to adopt and implement greenhouse gas and zero-emission standards for mobile sources.

(Sec. 60005) This section rescinds unobligated funds provided for grants and other activities to monitor and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other air pollutants at schools in low-income and disadvantaged communities. Further, it rescinds funding for technical assistance to schools in low-income and disadvantaged communities to (1) address environmental issues; (2) develop school environmental quality plans that include standards for school building, design, construction, and renovation; and (3) identify and mitigate ongoing air pollution hazards.

(Sec. 60006) This section rescinds unobligated funds for a low emissions electricity program that provides education, technical assistance, and outreach to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that result from domestic electricity generation and use.

(Sec. 60007) This section rescinds unobligated funds provided under the EPA’s Renewable Fuel Standard Program for

• the development and establishment of tests and protocols regarding the environmental and public health effects of a fuel or fuel additive;
• the collection and analysis of data to update applicable regulations, guidance, and procedures for determining the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from a fuel over the fuel's life cycle (e.g., production, processing, transport);
• the review, analysis, and evaluation of the impacts of all transportation fuels on the public as well as on low-income and disadvantaged communities; and
• supporting investments in advanced biofuels.

(Sec. 60008) This section rescinds unobligated funding for implementing the American Innovation and Manufacturing Act of 2020, which directs the EPA to address hydrofluorocarbons (HFC). HFCs are greenhouse gases that are used in applications such as air conditioning, refrigeration, fire suppression, and aerosols.

(Sec. 60009) This section rescinds unobligated funding for updating the EPA's Integrated Compliance Information System and any associated systems, necessary information technology infrastructure, or public access software tools to ensure access to compliance data and related information. Further, it also rescinds funding for grants to states, Indian tribes, and air pollution control agencies to update their systems to ensure communication with EPA’s system. Finally, it rescinds funding to the EPA for updating inspection software or acquiring such software or devices on which to run the software.

(Sec. 60010) This section rescinds unobligated funding provided for the EPA to support (1) enhanced standardization and transparency of corporate climate action commitments and plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions; (2) enhanced transparency regarding progress toward meeting such commitments and implementing such plans; and (3) progress toward meeting such commitments and implementing such plans.

(Sec. 60011) This section rescinds unobligated funding for the EPA program that supports the development, enhanced standardization and transparency, and reporting criteria for environmental product declarations for construction materials and products. The declarations must include measurements of the greenhouse gases associated with all the relevant stages of production, use, and disposal of the construction materials and products.

(Sec. 60012) This section rescinds unobligated funding for the methane emissions reduction program under which the EPA provides financial incentives to encourage the reporting of greenhouse gases, the monitoring of methane, and the reduction of methane emissions from petroleum and natural gas systems. The section also postpones to calendar year 2034 the EPA’s imposition and collection of a charge on methane emissions that exceed certain thresholds.

(Sec. 60013) This section rescinds unobligated funding for the EPA program that awards grants to states, air pollution control agencies, municipalities, and Indian tribes for developing and implementing plans to reduce greenhouse gas air pollution.

(Sec. 60014) This section rescinds unobligated funding for the EPA’s provision of efficient, accurate, and timely reviews, including

• developing efficient, accurate, and timely reviews for permitting and approval processes through the hiring and training of personnel;
• developing programmatic documents;
• procuring technical or scientific services for reviews;
• developing environmental data or information systems;
• engaging stakeholders;
• purchasing new equipment for environmental analysis; and
• developing geographic information systems and other analysis tools, techniques, and guidance to improve agency transparency, accountability, and public engagement.

(Sec. 60015) This section rescinds unobligated funds for a program under which the EPA identifies and labels construction materials and products that have substantially lower levels of greenhouse gas emissions associated with all the relevant stages of production, use, and disposal of the materials and products.

(Sec. 60016) This section rescinds unobligated funding for environmental and climate justice block grants that benefit disadvantaged communities.

(Sec. 60017) This section rescinds unobligated funding for purposes of developing and implementing recovery plans under the Endangered Species Act.

(Sec. 60018) This section rescinds unobligated funding for the Council on Environmental Quality, including funding for (1) collecting data related to environmental and climate issues, (2) tracking disproportionate burdens and cumulative impacts, and (3) supporting efforts to ensure that any mapping or screening tool is accessible to community-based organizations and community members.

(Sec. 60019) This section rescinds the unobligated balances for the Neighborhood Access and Equity Grant Program of the Federal Highway Administration.

(Sec. 60020) This section rescinds the unobligated funding provided to the Federal Buildings Fund for the conversion of General Services Administration (GSA) facilities to high-performance green buildings.

(Sec. 60021) This section rescinds the unobligated funding provided to the Federal Buildings Fund for acquiring and installing low-carbon materials and products in the construction of federal buildings.

(Sec. 60022) This section rescinds the unobligated funding for the emerging and sustainable technology program of the GSA.

(Sec. 60023) This section rescinds the unobligated funding for the Low Carbon Transportation Materials Grants Program of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA).

(Sec. 60024) This section rescinds the unobligated funding for the Environmental Review Implementation Funds of the FHWA.

(Sec. 60025) This section provides specified funds for the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, DC, for FY2025, to remain available until September 30, 2029. This funding is for the capital repair, restoration, the maintenance backlog, and security structures of the building and site.

(Sec. 60026) This section modifies the environmental review process under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), including by allowing a project subject to NEPA review to opt to pay a fee for the preparation and completion of an environmental assessment or environmental impact statement.

TITLE VII--FINANCE

Subtitle A--Tax

Chapter 1--Providing Permanent Tax Relief for Middle-Class Families and Workers

This chapter makes permanent multiple individual federal tax provisions enacted in 2017 by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.

Below are some examples of provisions in this chapter.

(Sec. 70101) This section makes permanent the individual tax rates of 10%, 12%, 22%, 24%, 32%, 35%, and 37%.

(Sec. 70102) This section permanently increases the base standard deduction amount to $15,750 for single filers, $23,625 for individuals who file as head of the household, and $31,500 for married individuals filing jointly (adjusted annually for inflation).

(Sec. 70103) This section permanently repeals the personal exemption tax deduction for most taxpayers and establishes a temporary (for 2025-2028) personal exemption tax deduction of up to $6,000 for individuals who are 65 years or older (subject to income limitations and identification requirements).

(Sec. 70104) This section increases the maximum amount of the child tax credit to $2,200 per qualifying child (beginning in 2025) and provides that such amount is to be annually adjusted for inflation beginning in 2026.

This section also makes permanent the

• phaseout threshold of $200,000 (or $400,000 for joint filers),
• $500 nonrefundable child tax credit for each dependent (who is not a qualifying child), and
• refundable portion of the child tax credit for taxpayers who meet certain requirements.

Further, this section extends the child tax credit identification requirements applicable to qualifying children and expands such identification requirements to include the taxpayer and taxpayer’s spouse (if filing jointly). Beginning in 2025, under this section, a taxpayer must provide a work-eligible Social Security number for themselves, their spouse (if filing jointly), and for each qualifying child.

(Sec. 70105) This section makes permanent the qualified business income (QBI) tax deduction, expands the phase-in range of the limitations on the QBI tax deduction to $75,000 for non-joint returns and $150,000 for joint filers (from $50,000 for non-joint returns and $100,000 for joint filers), and establishes a minimum QBI tax deduction of $400 for certain taxpayers.

(Sec. 70106) This section increases the base estate tax, gift tax, and generation-skipping transfer tax exemption amount after 2025 to $15 million (from $5 million), adjusted for inflation.

(Sec. 70107) This section makes permanent the increased alternative minimum tax exemption amounts and reduces the alternative minimum taxable income threshold amount to $500,000 ($1 million for joint filers) at which the exemption amounts begin to phase out (adjusted annually for inflation beginning in 2026). (For 2025, the alternative minimum taxable income threshold amounts are $626,350 [$1,252,700 for joint filers], as adjusted for inflation.)

Further, this section increases the percentage rate to 50% (from 25%) at which the alternative minimum tax exemption amount is phased out for individuals whose taxable income exceeds such threshold amount.

(Sec. 70108) This section makes permanent the limit on the itemized tax deduction for home mortgage interest. Under this section, taxpayers who itemize their tax deductions may deduct interest paid on the first $750,000 (or $375,000 for married individuals filing separately) of mortgage debt. (Taxpayers who itemize their tax deductions may deduct interest paid on the first $1 million [or $500,000 for married individuals filing separately] of mortgage debt incurred prior to December 15, 2017.)

This section also allows certain mortgage insurance premiums to be included in the itemized tax deduction for home mortgage interest.

(Sec. 70109) This section makes permanent a provision that limits the itemized tax deduction for unreimbursed personal casualty losses to such losses associated with a federally declared disaster and expands the tax deduction to include certain state- declared disasters.

(Sec. 70110) This section permanently eliminates the itemized tax deduction for miscellaneous expenses except for unreimbursed expenses for books, supplies, and certain other expenses incurred by an individual who is (for at least 900 hours during the school year) a K-12 teacher, instructor, counselor, principal, school aide, interscholastic sports administrator, or coach.

(Sec. 70111) This section replaces the overall limitation on itemized tax deductions applicable for 2025 and after (commonly known as the Pease limitation) with a modified limitation on itemized tax deductions.

(Sec. 70120) This section temporarily increases the limit on the federal tax deduction for state and local taxes (commonly known as the SALT deduction cap) and phases out the tax deduction for individuals with a modified adjusted gross income exceeding a certain threshold amount.

The SALT deduction cap increases in 2025 to $40,000 from $10,000 (or to $20,000 from $5,000 for married individuals filing separately). The SALT deduction cap increases in 2026 to $40,400 ( $20,200 for married individuals filing separately) and, then, by 1% each year after 2026, through 2029. In 2030, under this section, the SALT deduction cap reverts to $10,000 (or $5,000 for married individuals filing separately).

Further, under this section, the amount of state and local taxes allowed as a federal tax deduction is reduced (but not below $10,000 or $5,000 for married individuals filing separately) by 30% of the amount that an individual’s modified adjusted gross income exceeds the threshold amount. The threshold amount in 2025 is $500,000 ( $250,000 for married individuals filing separately). The threshold amount increases in 2026 to $505,000 ($252,500 for married individuals filing separately) and, then, increases by 1% each year after 2026, through 2029.

Chapter 2--Delivering on Presidential Priorities to Provide New Middle-Class Tax Relief

This chapter establishes new tax deductions for qualified tips, qualified overtime, and some interest paid on a passenger vehicle loan. This chapter also establishes a new type of tax-advantaged account, called a Trump account.

Below is a summary of the provisions in this chapter.

(Sec. 70201) This section establishes a new above-the-line tax deduction, through 2028, of up to $25,000 for qualified tip income, which begins to phase out for individuals whose modified adjusted gross income exceeds $150,000 ($300,000 for joint filers). (Above-the-line deductions are subtracted from gross income to calculate adjusted gross income.)

To be eligible for the tax deduction for qualified tip income, individuals must provide a work-eligible Social Security number for themselves and, if married, must file a joint federal tax return.

(Sec. 70202) This section establishes a new above-the-line tax deduction, through 2028, of up to $12,500 ($25,000 for joint filers) for qualified overtime compensation, which begins to phase out for individuals whose modified adjusted gross income exceeds $150,000 ($300,000 for joint filers).

To be eligible for the tax deduction for qualified tip income, individuals must provide a work-eligible Social Security number for themselves and, if married, must file a joint federal tax return.

(Sec. 70203) This section establishes a new tax deduction of up to $10,000 for interest paid on indebtedness incurred in 2025 through 2028 to buy a passenger vehicle (for personal use and subject to certain requirements). The tax deduction phases out for taxpayers with modified adjusted gross income that exceeds $100,000 (or $200,000 for joint filers).

(Sec. 70204) This section establishes a new type of tax-advantaged account, called a Trump account, which is an individual retirement account (IRA) (but not a Roth IRA) for individuals under 18 years old. Up to $5,000 (adjusted for inflation) may be contributed to a Trump account in each year before the account beneficiary reaches the age of 18 years old. (Certain rollovers and qualified general contributions do not count towards the annual contribution limit.)

Distributions from a Trump account may be made once the account beneficiary reaches the age of 18 years old. (Some exceptions apply.)

This section also authorizes a one-time federal government deposit of $1,000 into a Trump account for individuals born after December 31, 2024 and before January 1, 2029 (subject to certain other requirements).

Chapter 3--Establishing Certainty and Competitiveness for American Job Creators

Subchapter A--Permanent U.S. Business Tax Reforms and Boosting Domestic Investment

This subchapter makes a number of changes to business-related federal tax provisions.

Below are some examples of provisions in this subchapter.

(Sec. 70301) This section permanently extends 100% bonus depreciation for property acquired and placed into service (and for certain plants planted or grafted) on or after January 19, 2025. 

(Sec. 70302) This section allows taxpayers to deduct domestic research and experimental expenses in the year such expenses are incurred (rather than requiring taxpayers to capitalize and amortize such expenses over 5 years or, if elected, over 10 years). However, under this section, taxpayers must continue to capitalize and amortize over a 15-year period foreign research and experimental expenses.

Under this section, taxpayers may elect to capitalize and amortize over at least 60 months domestic research and experimental expenses. (Some exclusions apply.)

Further, under this section (1) small business taxpayers (with average annual gross receipts of $31 million or less) may claim a tax deduction for domestic research and experimental expenses retroactively to tax years beginning after December 31, 2021, and (2) taxpayers may elect to accelerate amortization attributable to domestic research and experimental expenditures paid or incurred after December 31, 2021 and before January 1, 2025.

(Sec. 70303) This section reinstates the exclusion of the tax deduction for depreciation, amortization, or depletion from the calculation of adjusted taxable income for purposes of the limitation on the tax deduction for interest expenses for tax years beginning after December 31, 2024.

This section also expands the exclusion of interest on floor plan financing from the limit on the tax deduction for business interest expenses to include interest on floor plan financing of any camper or trailer designed to (1) provide temporary living quarters for recreational, camping, or seasonal use; and (2) be towed by, or affixed to, a motor vehicle.

(Sec. 70306) This section increases to $2.5 million (from $1.25 million in 2025 and adjusted annually for inflation) the maximum amount that may be deducted (expensed) for certain depreciable business assets. This section also increases to $4 million (from $3.13 million in 2025 and adjusted annually for inflation) the dollar amount at which the tax deduction begins to phase out. Both amounts continue to be annually adjusted for inflation.

(Sec. 70307) This section provides for an elective 100% depreciation allowance for nonresidential real property that is placed into service before January 1, 2031, and that meets certain other requirements. (Some limitations apply.)

(Sec. 70308) This section increases the advance manufacturing tax credit to 35% (from 25%) for property placed into service after December 31, 2025.

Subchapter B--Permanent America-First International Tax Reforms

Part I--Foreign Tax Credit

This part makes multiple changes to the foreign tax credit.

Below is an example from one provision in this part.

(Sec. 70311) This section limits the tax deductions a domestic corporate shareholder may allocate to income in the global intangible taxable income (GILTI) category for purposes of determining limit on the foreign tax credit to (1) the tax deduction for 40% of the GILTI amount included by such corporation in gross income and amounts treated as dividends attributable to such amounts and (2) any other deduction directly allocable to such income.

Part II--Foreign-Derived Deduction Eligible Income and Net CFC Tested Income

This part makes multiple changes to the tax deduction allowed to a domestic corporation for foreign-derived intangible income and GILTI.

Below is a summary of the provisions in the part.

(Sec. 70321) This section increases the tax deduction allowed to a domestic corporation for foreign-derived intangible income and GILTI to the sum of (1) 33.34% such corporation’s foreign-derived intangible income, and (2) 40% of such corporation’s GILTI and amounts treated as dividends attributable to such amounts.

Under current law, a domestic corporation is allowed a tax deduction equal to the sum of (1) 37.5% (or 21.875% for tax years beginning in 2026) of such corporation’s foreign-derived intangible income, and (2) 50% (or 37.5% for tax years beginning in 2026) of such corporation’s GILTI and amounts treated as dividends attributable to such amounts. (Some limitations apply.)

(Sec. 70322) This section excludes from deduction-eligible income for purposes of calculating foreign-derived intangible income (and the tax deduction for such income) income or gain from the sale or other disposition (including the deemed sale or other disposition) occurring after June 16, 2025, of (1) property of a type that gives rise to rents or royalties, and (2) any other property that is subject to depreciation, amortization, or depletion by the seller of such property.

Further, under this section, deduction-eligible income must be reduced by expenses and deductions directly related to such income.

(Sec. 70323) This section eliminates the use of a domestic corporation’s deemed tangible income return in determining foreign-derived intangible income and such corporation’s net deemed tangible income return in determining GILTI. As a result, under this section, the term foreign-derived intangible income is renamed foreign-derived deduction eligible income and the term GILTI is renamed net CFC tested income. (In this context, CFC refers to controlled foreign corporation.)

Part III--Base Erosion Minimum Tax

This part makes changes to the base erosion and anti-abuse tax (BEAT).

Below is a summary of the provision in this part.

(Sec. 70331) This section decreases the BEAT rate to 10.5% (from 12.5%) for tax years beginning after 2025. (Under current law, the BEAT rate is 10% for 2025 and 12.5% for tax years after 2025.)

Part IV--Business Interest Limitation

This part makes changes to the calculation of the limitation on the tax deduction of business interest expenses. (Under current law, the tax deduction for business interest expenses is limited to the sum of (1) business interest income for the tax year in which the tax deduction is being claimed, (2) 30% of the taxpayer’s adjusted taxable income, and (3) the taxpayer’s floor plan financing interest.)

Below is a summary of the provisions in this part.

(Sec. 70341) This section provides that limitation on tax deduction of business interest is calculated before capitalizable interest is calculated. (Some exceptions apply.)

(Sec. 70342) This section excludes subpart F income and GILTI from adjusted taxable income for purposes of calculating limitation on tax deduction of business interest.

Part V--Other International Tax Reforms

This part makes permanent and modifies multiple federal tax provisions that impact foreign corporations.

Below are some examples of the provisions in this part.

(Sec. 70351) This section permanently extends of the CFC look-through rule. (Under the CFC look-through rule, certain interest expenses, dividends, rents, and royalties received by one CFC from a related CFC are not treated as foreign personal holding company income [for purposes of calculating subpart F income] if certain other requirements are met.)

(Sec. 70352) This section requires specified foreign corporation (generally a CFC or any foreign corporation with respect to which one or more domestic corporations is a U.S. shareholder) to use the taxable year of their majority U.S. shareholder. (Under current law, a specified foreign corporation may elect a tax year beginning one month earlier than the majority U.S. shareholder.)

Chapter 4--Investing in American Families, Communities, and Small Businesses

Subchapter A--Permanent Investments in Families and Children

This subchapter makes multiple changes to federal tax provisions related to children and dependents.

Below are some examples of the provisions in this subchapter.

(Sec. 70401) This section increases the tax credit for employers that provide child care to their employees. Under this section, the portion of the tax credit for qualified child care expenses increases to 40% (from 25%) or to 50% for eligible small businesses. This section also increases the maximum amount of the tax credit to $500,000 (from $150,000) or $600,000 for eligible small businesses (adjusted for inflation).

(Sec. 70404) This section increases to $7,500 or $3,750 for a married individual filing separately (from $5,000 or $2,500 for a married person filing separately) the exclusion from gross income for amounts paid or incurred by an employer to an employee as part of a dependent care assistance program.

(Sec. 70405) This section increases the non-refundable tax credit for expenses paid by an individual for the care of a child or dependent that enable such individual to be gainfully employed. 

Subchapter B--Permanent Investments in Students and Reforms to Tax-Exempt Institutions

This subchapter makes multiple changes to federal tax provisions related to education and certain educational institutions.

Below are some examples of the provisions in this subchapter.

(Sec. 70411) This section establishes a nonrefundable tax credit of up to $1,700 for cash contributions made by an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States to a tax-exempt organization that provides scholarships for qualified elementary and secondary school expenses to eligible students (scholarship granting organization), subject to limitations.

(Sec. 70413) This section expands the expenses eligible for tax-free withdrawals from qualified tuition programs (529 plans) to include certain additional expenses related to elementary, secondary, or homeschool education.  

This section also increases to $20,000 (from $10,000) the limit on distributions from a 529 plan used in connection with enrollment or attendance at an elementary or secondary school.

(Sec. 70414) This section expands the expenses eligible for tax-free withdrawals from 529 plans to include tuition, fees, books, supplies, equipment, and other expenses related to the enrollment or attendance in a recognized postsecondary credentialing program.

(Sec. 70415) This section replaces the excise tax of 1.4% imposed on the net investment income of certain private university and college endowments with a new rate structure of 1.4%, 4%, or 8%, depending on several variables including the value of the endowment and the number of full-time students who meet certain other requirements.

Subchapter C--Permanent Investments in Community Development

This subchapter makes multiple changes to certain federal tax incentives related to investing in certain communities and tax deductions for charitable contributions.

Below are examples from this subchapter.

(Sec. 70423) This section permanently extends the New Markets Tax Credit (a tax credit for certain investments in eligible, low-income communities).

(Sec. 70424) This section makes permanent and increases to $1,000 for single filers (from $300) or $2,000 for joint filers (from $600 for joint filers) the tax deduction for charitable contributions made by individuals who do not itemize their federal income tax deductions.

Subchapter D--Permanent Investments in Small Business and Rural America

This subchapter modifies certain reporting requirements related to third-party settlement organizations and makes changes to several other federal tax provisions.

Below are some examples of the provisions in this subchapter.

(Sec. 70432) This section modifies the reporting requirements applicable to third-party settlement organizations (e.g., certain online platforms, apps, and card payment processors). Under this section, such organizations are required to issue Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Form 1099-K to payees who receive more than $20,000 from more than 200 separate transactions. (This section reverses a provision in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 that lowered the reporting threshold to $600 with no minimum on the number of transactions, the implementation of which was delayed and phased in by the IRS. For 2025, under current law, such organizations are required to issue IRS Form 1099-K to payees who receive more than $2,500, regardless of the number of transactions.)

(Sec. 70434) This section expands the federal tax deduction for certain film, television, and theatrical production costs to allow a deduction of up to $150,000 of qualified sound recording production costs in the tax year such costs are incurred. A qualified sound recording production is a sound recording that is produced and recorded in the United States. (Under current law, up to $20 million of film, television, and theatrical production costs incurred before 2026 may be deducted.)

The section also extends bonus depreciation to qualified sound recording production costs.

(Under current law, taxpayers may claim a bonus depreciation allowance of between 20% to 100% of the cost of qualified property depending on when such property is placed into service. Section 70301 of the bill extends 100% bonus depreciation through 2029 [or 2030 for some types of property].)

(Sec. 70436) This section eliminates the $200 excise tax imposed on the transfer of certain firearms other than machine guns and destructive devices. As a result, the $200 excise tax is not applicable to silencers, short-barreled rifles and short-barreled shotguns.

Chapter 5--Ending Green New Deal Spending, Promoting America-First Energy and Other Reforms

Subchapter A--Termination of Green New Deal Subsidies

This subchapter terminates multiple energy-related federal tax credits.

Below are some examples of the provisions in this subchapter.

(Sec. 70501) This section terminates the previously-owned clean vehicle tax credit. (Under current law, taxpayers may claim a tax credit of up to $4,000 for the purchase of a qualified previously-owned clean vehicle before 2033.)

(Sec. 70502) This section terminates the clean vehicle tax credit. (Under current law, taxpayers may claim a tax credit of up to $7,500 for the purchase of a qualified new clean vehicle before 2033.)

(Sec. 70503) This section terminates the qualified commercial clean vehicle tax credit. (Under current law, businesses may claim a tax credit of up to $40,000 for the purchase of a commercial clean vehicle before 2033.)

(Sec. 70504) This section terminates the alternative fuel refueling property tax credit. (Under current law, tax credit of up to $1,000 for individuals or up to $100,000 for businesses is allowed for the installation of property before 2033 that is used to store or dispense clean-burning fuel or to recharge electric vehicles.)

(Sec. 70505) This section terminates the energy efficient home improvement tax credit. (Under current law, taxpayers may claim a tax credit of up to $3,200, for certain energy-efficient property purchased and installed into a primary residence before 2033.)

(Sec. 70506) This section terminates the residential clean energy tax credit. (Under current law, taxpayers may claim a tax credit for certain renewable energy equipment for a principal residence before 2034.)

(Sec. 70507) This section terminates the energy efficient commercial buildings tax deduction. (Under current law, taxpayers may claim a deduction for certain energy efficient commercial property placed into service after 2005.)

(Sec. 70508) This section terminates the new energy efficient home tax credit. (Under current law, contractors may claim a business tax credit for constructing an energy-efficient home that is acquired by a person for use as a residence before 2033.)

(Sec. 70511) This section terminates the clean hydrogen production tax credit. (Under current law, a tax credit is available for the production of clean hydrogen by a qualifying facility for which construction begins before 2033.)

Subchapter B--Enhancement of America-First Energy Policy

This subchapter modifies multiple energy-related federal tax provisions and makes changes to the calculation of the corporate alternative minimum tax.

Below are some examples of the provisions in this subchapter.

(Sec. 70521) This section extends the clean fuel production tax credit through 2029 and

• requires that clean fuels produced from feedstock use feedstock sourced from the Unites States, Canada, or Mexico;
• excludes emissions attributable to an indirect land use change from the calculation of lifecycle emissions estimates (used in part of the calculation of the clean fuel production tax credit); and
• requires the Department of the Treasury to provide distinct emission rates for specific feedstocks used to produce clean fuels, including dairy manure, swine manure, and poultry manure.

This section also disallows the clean fuel production tax credit for certain foreign entities and foreign-influenced entities (e.g., taxpayers that make certain types of payments to certain foreign entities).

(Sec. 70523) This section allows corporations to reduce their adjusted financial statement income (for purposes of calculating the corporate alternative minimum tax) to account for certain intangible costs related to oil, gas, or geothermal well drilling and development.

(Sec. 70525) This section provides for a refund of previously imposed and paid excise taxes upon the transfer of nontaxable, indelibly dyed diesel fuel or kerosene used for agricultural, off-road, or other nontaxable purposes.

Subchapter C--Other Reforms

This subchapter eliminates the de minimis exemption for certain imports into the United States and establishes a new civil penalty for using such exemption in a manner that violates U.S. customs laws.

Below is a summary of the provision in this subchapter.

(Sec. 70531) This section eliminates the exemption from certain duties, fees, and processes for imports of up to $800 (commonly referred to as the de minimis exemption), effective July 1, 2027.

Further, this section establishes a civil penalty for entering, introducing, facilitating, or attempting to introduce an article into the United States using the de minimis exemption in a manner that violates U.S. customs laws. The amount of the civil penalty is up to $5,000 for the first violation and up to $10,000 for subsequent violations.

Chapter 6--Enhancing Deduction and Income Tax Credit Guardrails, and Other Reforms

This chapter modifies various federal tax deductions and credits.

Below are examples of the provisions in this subchapter.

(Sec. 70604) This section establishes a 1% excise tax on transfers of payments from one country to another (also known as remittance transfers). (Some exceptions apply).

(Sec. 70606) This section requires a Social Security number to be eligible for the American Opportunity and Lifetime Learning tax credits.

(Sec. 70607) This section directs the Internal Revenue Service to deliver a report to Congress on

• the cost of enhancing and establishing public-private partnerships that provide for free tax filing for up to 70% of all taxpayers (calculated by adjusted gross income),
• the cost to replace any direct e-file programs run by the Internal Revenue Service,
• taxpayer opinions and preferences regarding a taxpayer-funded, government-run tax filing service or a free tax filing service provided by the private sector,
• assessment of the feasibility of providing simple and consistent options across participating tax filing providers, and
  the cost of developing and running a free direct e-file tax return system..

Subtitle B--Health 

Chapter 1--Medicaid

Subchapter A--Reducing Fraud and Improving Enrollment Processes

(Sec. 71103) This section requires the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) to establish a centralized system for states to check whether enrollees are simultaneously enrolled in Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) in multiple states. 

Beginning no later than 2027, states must regularly obtain the addresses of Medicaid and CHIP enrollees from specified authorized sources. Beginning no later than FY2030, states must report on at least a monthly basis the Social Security numbers of enrollees to the CMS' newly established system. The CMS must notify states on at least a monthly basis of individuals who are enrolled in multiple states so that states may take appropriate action.

The section provides funds for FY2026 and FY2029 for the CMS to establish and maintain the new system, respectively.

(Sec. 71104) This section requires state Medicaid programs to check, beginning in 2028, the Social Security Administration's Death Master File on at least a quarterly basis to determine whether Medicaid enrollees are deceased.

(Sec. 71105) This section provides statutory authority for the requirement that state Medicaid programs check, as part of the provider enrollment and reenrollment process, whether providers are deceased through the Social Security Administration's Death Master File. Beginning in 2028, the section requires states to continue to check this database on at least a quarterly basis after providers are enrolled.

(Sec. 71107) This section requires state Medicaid programs to redetermine every six months, beginning with the first quarter after December 31, 2026, the eligibility of individuals who are enrolled in Medicaid as part of the Medicaid expansion population under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. (The act allows states to extend Medicaid coverage to all adults under the age of 65 with incomes of up to 138% of the federal poverty level, including able-bodied adults without dependent children.)

The section provides funds for FY2026 for the CMS to implement these provisions.

(Sec. 71109) This section generally restricts, beginning in FY2027, federal payment for Medicaid and CHIP to services for individuals who are U.S. residents and are either U.S. citizens, lawful permanent residents, Cuban-Haitian entrants, or Compact of Free Association migrants lawfully residing in the United States.

The section provides funds for FY2026 for the CMS to implement these provisions.

(Sec. 71110) This section limits, beginning in FY2027, the Medicaid federal matching rate for emergency services provided to individuals who are not lawfully residing in the United States to the same matching rate as would otherwise apply for such services (rather than the enhanced federal matching rate for states that have expanded Medicaid).

The section provides funds for FY2026 for the CMS to implement these provisions.

Subchapter B--Preventing Wasteful Spending

(Sec. 71112) This section specifies that, beginning with the first quarter after December 31, 2026, Medicaid coverage may begin retroactively (1) for individuals in the Medicaid expansion population, one month prior to the application filing date; and (2) for all other individuals, two months prior to the application filing date. Additionally, CHIP coverage may retroactively begin two months prior to the application filing date. (Currently, coverage may begin three months prior to the application filing date.)

The section provides funds for FY2026 for the CMS to implement these provisions.

(Sec. 71113) This section prohibits federal Medicaid payment for one year to nonprofit health care providers that serve predominantly low-income, medically underserved individuals (i.e., essential community providers) if the provider (1) primarily furnishes family planning services, reproductive health, and related care; (2) offers abortions in cases other than that of rape, incest, or life-threatening conditions for the woman; and (3) in FY2023, received federal and state Medicaid payments totaling more than $800,000.

The section provides funds for FY2026 for the CMS to implement these provisions.

Subchapter C--Stopping Abusive Financing Practices

(Sec. 71114) This section requires states that had not chosen to expand Medicaid pursuant to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act prior to March 11, 2021, to do so by January 1, 2026, in order to receive the corresponding enhanced federal matching rate.

(Sec. 71115) This section generally limits Medicaid provider taxes beginning in FY2027.

Under current law, states may impose a provider tax of up to 6% of net patient service revenues to potentially receive additional federal matching funds. The section precludes states that have not expanded Medicaid from increasing the rate of a provider tax beyond that currently in effect in order to qualify for federal matching funds. For states that have expanded Medicaid, a provider tax may not exceed the current rate or a specified rate, whichever is lower; the maximum rate gradually decreases from FY2028-FY2032, with a maximum rate of 3.5% beginning in FY2032 (these limits do not apply to nursing and intermediate care facilities, which are instead limited to current rates). The section additionally precludes states from imposing a new provider tax if there is not already one in effect.

The section provides funds for FY2026 for the CMS to implement these provisions.

(Sec. 71116) This section provides funds through FY2033 for the CMS to revise regulations so as to limit state-directed payments for inpatient hospital services, outpatient hospital services, nursing facility services, or qualified practitioner services at an academic medical center under Medicaid managed care contracts to the payment rate for services under Medicare, rather than the average commercial rate. For states that cover the Medicaid expansion population, payment is limited to 100% of the Medicare rate; for other states, payment is limited to 110% of the Medicare rate.

Subchapter D--Increasing Personal Accountability

(Sec. 71119) This section requires, beginning not later than the first quarter after December 31, 2026 (or earlier, at the option of the state), individuals who are eligible for Medicaid as part of the Medicaid expansion population to engage in community service, work, or other activities in order to qualify for Medicaid.

Specifically, the section requires these individuals to, on a monthly basis, (1) work at least 80 hours, (2) complete at least 80 hours of community service, (3) participate in a work program for at least 80 hours, (4) be enrolled at least half-time in an educational program, or (5) engage in any combination thereof for a total of at least 80 hours. Individuals may also qualify if they have a monthly income (or, for seasonal workers, an average monthly income over six months) that is at least as much as the equivalent of minimum wage multiplied by 80 hours.

Individuals who are applying for Medicaid must demonstrate compliance with these requirements for one to three months (as determined by the state) consecutively and immediately prior to filing an application; individuals who are already enrolled in Medicaid must demonstrate compliance for one month or more (as determined by the state), whether or not consecutive, during the period between the individual’s last eligibility determination and the next scheduled eligibility determination. 

States must verify an individual’s compliance upon a determination or redetermination of eligibility but may also choose to verify compliance more frequently. States may not waive the new requirements. However, states may choose to provide an exception for individuals experiencing short-term hardships (e.g., hospitalization).

The section excludes certain individuals from these requirements, including those with serious medical conditions or dependent children aged 13 or younger. 

Upon request, the CMS may exempt a state from fully implementing these requirements until December 31, 2028. States requesting an exemption must demonstrate good faith efforts to comply with the requirements and provide a detailed timeline for implementation.

The section provides funds for FY2026 for states and the CMS to implement these requirements.

(Sec. 71120) This section requires, beginning in FY2029, states to institute cost-sharing requirements for individuals who are eligible for Medicaid as part of the Medicaid expansion population and whose family income exceeds the federal poverty line. Cost sharing may not exceed $35 for an item or service; total cost sharing for all individuals in a family may not exceed 5% of the family’s income. 

The requirements do not apply to (1) services for which cost sharing is already prohibited (e.g., emergency services); (2) primary care, mental health, or substance use disorder services; or (3) services provided by federally qualified health centers, certified community behavioral health clinics, or rural health clinics. States may allow providers to condition the provision of services upon the payment of any required cost sharing.

The section provides funds for FY2026 for the CMS to implement these provisions.

Subchapter E--Expanding Access to Care

(Sec. 71121) This section authorizes additional home and community-based services (HCBS) waivers (also known as Section 1915(c) waivers) for state Medicaid programs beginning on July 1, 2028. States may seek waivers to provide HCBS to individuals without the need for certain determinations as to whether an individual requires hospital or institutional care (as is required for current waivers). States must establish other needs-based criteria for such services.

The section provides funds for FY2026 for the CMS to implement these provisions. It also provides funds for FY2027 to support state HCBS programs.

Chapter 2--Medicare

Subchapter A--Strengthening Eligibility Requirements

(Sec. 71201) This section generally restricts Medicare eligibility to U.S. citizens, lawful permanent residents, Cuban-Haitian entrants, and Compact of Free Association migrants lawfully residing in the United States. The Social Security Administration must identify Medicare enrollees who do not meet these requirements and terminate their enrollment within 18 months of this section’s enactment.

Subchapter B--Improving Services for Seniors

(Sec. 71203) This section modifies certain provisions under the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program with respect to orphan drugs.

The Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program requires the CMS to negotiate the prices of certain prescription drugs under Medicare beginning in 2026. Among other requirements, drugs must have had market approval for at least 7 years (for drug products) or 11 years (for biologics) to qualify for negotiation. The program does not apply to orphan drugs that are approved to treat only one rare disease or condition.

The section modifies these provisions so as to exclude any period in which a drug was an orphan drug from market approval calculations. It also excludes orphan drugs that are approved to treat more than one rare disease or condition from the program. The changes take effect in 2028.

Chapter 3--Health Tax

Subchapter A-- Improving Eligibility Criteria

This subchapter modifies eligibility and verification requirements for the premium tax credit (which may be used to purchase health insurance on an exchange).

Below is a summary of the provisions in this subchapter.

(Sec. 71301) This section limits a lawfully-present alien’s eligibility for the premium tax credit to

• an alien who is lawfully admitted for permanent residence;
• an alien who has been granted the status of Cuban and Haitian entrant; or
• an individual who is lawfully residing in the United States in accordance with the Compacts of Free Association between the United States and Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and Palau.

(Sec. 71302) This section repeals the rule that allows certain lawfully-present aliens who have a household income of less than 100% of the federal poverty level and are ineligible for Medicaid (based on the individual’s alien status) to claim the premium tax credit.

Subchapter B--Preventing Waste, Fraud, and Abuse

This subchapter requires verification of certain information supplied by individuals for purposes of determining eligibility for the premium tax credit, limits use of the premium tax credit, and expands recapture of excess advance payments of the premium tax credit.

Below is a summary of the provisions of this subchapter.

(Sec. 71303) This section requires the verification of certain information for an individual to enroll in a health insurance plan through a health insurance exchange and to generally qualify for the premium tax credit. (Under current law, eligible individuals are allowed a premium tax credit, which applies toward the cost of obtaining health insurance through health insurance exchanges.)

Specifically, under this section, the following information must be verified

• household income and family size,
• whether the individual is an eligible alien,
• any health coverage status or eligibility for coverage,
• place of residence, and
• any other information required by the Department of the Treasury.

(Sec. 71304) This section provides that the premium tax credit is not allowed for any health insurance plan enrolled in through a health insurance exchange during a special enrollment period provided by such exchange (1) on the basis of the relationship between the individual’s expected household income to the federal poverty level and (2) not in connection with with the occurrence of an event or change in circumstances specified by the Department of Health and Human Services for such purposes.

(Sec. 71305) This section eliminates the limit on the recapture of excess advance payments of the premium tax credit and, accordingly, allows the full amount of any such excess payments to be recaptured. (Under current law, individuals with incomes below 400% of the federal poverty level may be required to pay back only a portion of any excess advance payment of the premium tax credit.)

Subchapter C--Enhancing Choice for Patients

This subchapter expands health savings account (HSA) eligibility requirements.

Below is a summary of the provisions in this subchapter.

(Sec. 71306) This section allows individuals to establish and make tax-deductible contributions to a health savings account (HSA) if covered by a health insurance plan that provides telehealth and other remote care services without requiring a deductible but otherwise meets the requirements of a high-deductible health plan (HDHP).

(Sec. 71307) This section expands eligibility to make tax-deductible HSA contributions to include individuals who have a bronze-level or catastrophic health insurance plan through a health insurance exchange.

(Sec. 71308) This section expands eligibility to make tax-deductible HSA contributions to include individuals who have a direct primary care service arrangement with a fixed period fee that does not exceed $150 a month (or $300 a month if the arrangement covers more than one individual). The amounts are adjusted annually for inflation. (Some limitations apply.)

Chapter 4--Protecting Rural Hospitals and Providers

(Sec. 71401) This section provides funds through FY2030 for a program that supports the provision of health care in rural areas. Under the program, states may apply for financial allotments to improve the access and quality of care of services in rural areas, such as through enhanced technology, strategic partnerships, and workforce training. 

Subtitle C--Increase in Debt Limit

(Sec. 72001) This section increases the statutory debt limit by $5 trillion. (The debt limit is the amount of money that the Department of the Treasury may borrow to fund federal operations.)

Subtitle D--Unemployment

(Sec. 73001) This section prohibits payments under federal unemployment programs to individuals whose wages are $1 million or more. Such programs must include a method for individuals to certify that their income does not exceed this limit. State agencies that administer such programs must verify income information, to the extent possible, and provide for the recovery of any overpayments.  

TITLE VIII--COMMITTEE ON HEALTH, EDUCATION, LABOR, AND PENSIONS

This title makes various changes to higher education, particularly to the federal student loan system.

Subtitle A--Exemption of Certain Assets

(Sec. 80001) This section includes an exemption for certain family farms, small businesses, and commercial fishing businesses on the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) form. This exemption applies to the net worth of (1) a family farm on which the family resides, (2) a small business with not more than 100 full-time or full-time equivalent employees that is owned and controlled by the family, or (3) a commercial fishing business and related expenses (e.g., fishing vessels and permits) owned and controlled by the family.

Subtitle B--Loan Limits

This subtitle makes various changes to federal student loans. 

(Sec. 81001) This section terminates the ability of graduate or professional students to receive Direct PLUS Loans (i.e., Grad PLUS Loans) beginning on July 1, 2026.

The section sets annual and aggregate borrowing limits for graduate and professional students. In particular, the section establishes the aggregate loan limit for Direct Unsubsidized Loans as $100,000 for a graduate student (in addition to the amount borrowed for undergraduate education) and $200,000 for a professional student (in addition to the amount borrowed for undergraduate education).

The section also places certain restrictions on Parent PLUS Loans beginning on July 1, 2026. In particular, the section sets an annual loan limit of $20,000 that may be borrowed on behalf of a dependent student and a lifetime borrowing limit of $65,000 per dependent student.

The section also establishes new annual and aggregate loan limits for borrowers beginning on July 1, 2026. For example, the section sets an overall aggregate lifetime borrowing limit of $257,500 for any single borrower across federal loan types (except for Federal Direct PLUS Loans and Parent PLUS Loans).

The section provides an exception to the loan limits described in this section (of up to three academic years) for a student who is already enrolled in a program of study and received a loan for the program.

The section allows institutions of higher education (IHEs) to set lower loan limits.

Subtitle C--Loan Repayment

This subtitle revises loan repayment options for federal student loans.

(Sec. 82001) This section terminates all current student loan repayment plans for new loans disbursed on or after July 1, 2026.

The Department of Education (ED) may only offer borrowers two options for repayment of federal student loans: a standard repayment plan (with the length of the repayment term determined by the total amount borrowed) and an income-based repayment plan (to be known as the Repayment Assistance Plan).

The section includes a transition to income-based repayment plans. Beginning on July 1, 2028, a borrower with a loan that is in a repayment status in accordance with, or an administrative forbearance associated with, an income-contingent repayment plan (e.g., current borrowers on the Saving on a Valuable Education, or SAVE, plan) must begin repaying the loan under a new repayment plan. If a borrower does not select a plan, ED must enroll the borrower in either the Repayment Assistance Plan or the standard repayment plan.

(Sec. 82002) This section eliminates economic hardship and unemployment deferments beginning on July 1, 2027. It also reduces the total period a borrower may be in forbearance.

(Sec. 82003) This section allows borrowers to rehabilitate a defaulted loan twice (currently, only once). However, beginning on July 1, 2027, the borrower must pay a minimum payment amount of $10.

(Sec. 82004) This section allows payments under the new Repayment Assistance Plan to count as qualifying payments for purposes of the Public Service Loan Forgiveness program.

(Sec. 82005) This section provides funding to ED for administrative costs, including for the costs of student loan servicing.

Subtitle D--Pell Grants

This subtitle makes changes to Pell Grants.

(Sec. 83001) This section requires foreign income that is exempt from taxation or foreign income for which an individual receives a foreign tax credit to be included in the adjusted gross income calculation for purposes of calculating eligibility for Pell Grants.

Students with a student aid index that equals or exceeds twice the amount of the total maximum Pell Grant are ineligible for Pell Grants, regardless of their adjusted gross income. 

The section’s changes take effect beginning on July 1, 2026.

(Sec. 83002) This section requires ED to award Workforce Pell Grants to students enrolled in eligible workforce programs. Eligible programs are those that provide at least 150 clock hours (but less than 600 clock hours) of instruction during a minimum of 8 weeks (but less than 15 weeks).

The section’s changes take effect beginning on July 1, 2026.

(Sec. 83003) This section increases funding for Pell Grants for FY2026.

(Sec. 83004) This section makes a student ineligible for Pell Grants if the student receives grant aid from nonfederal sources (e.g., states, IHEs, or private sources) in an amount that equals or exceeds the student's cost of attendance.

The section's changes take effect beginning on July 1, 2026.

Subtitle E--Accountability

(Sec. 84001) This section requires IHEs participating in federal student loan programs to meet cohort median earning requirements. Specifically, the section prohibits an IHE from using federal funds for student enrollment in low-earning outcome programs. Low-earning outcome programs are educational programs in which the graduating cohorts earn less as working adults compared to those with lesser degrees (e.g., a high school diploma instead of a bachelor's degree).

If an educational program does not meet the cohort median earning requirements, the IHE must promptly notify each student enrolled in the program.

ED must establish a process for an IHE with an educational program that has lost eligibility for federal funds to be able to apply to regain eligibility for such funds.

IHEs must comply with these requirements beginning on July 1, 2026.

Subtitle F--Regulatory Relief

(Sec. 85001) This section delays until July 1, 2035, ED regulations pertaining to borrower defense to repayment. It restores those regulations that were in effect on July 1, 2020.

(Sec. 85002) This section delays until July 1, 2035, ED regulations pertaining to closed school discharges. It restores those regulations that were in effect prior to changes made in November 2022.

Subtitle G--Garden of Heroes

(Sec. 86001) This section provides additional funding for FY2025 to the National Endowment for the Humanities (1) to establish and maintain a statuary park named the National Garden of American Heroes; (2) to procure statues for the National Garden of American Heroes; and (3) for events, celebrations, and activities related to the 250th anniversary of America’s founding.

Subtitle H--Office of Refugee Resettlement

(Sec. 87001) This section provides additional funding for FY2025 to the Office of Refugee Resettlement for specified activities, such as background checks and home studies of potential sponsors of unaccompanied children.

TITLE IX--COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY AND GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS 

Subtitle A--Homeland Security Provisions 

This subtitle provides funding for border security.

(Sec. 90001) This section provides funding to U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) for construction, installation, or improvement to barriers; access roads; detection technology; and other work to prepare the ground at or near the U.S. border. 

(Sec. 90002) This section provides funding for CBP personnel, bonuses, facilities, and fleet vehicles.

(Sec. 90003) This section provides funding to the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) for increased capacity in detention facilities for the purposes of detaining adults and families who are non-U.S. nationals (aliens under federal law).

(Sec. 90004) This section provides funding for CBP inspection and surveillance equipment, screenings (including of unaccompanied children), rapid air and marine response capabilities, vetting, and activities to prevent drug trafficking.

(Sec. 90005) This section provides funding to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (1) to assist state and local authorities to detect, identify, track, or monitor unmanned aircraft systems; (2) for security, planning, and other costs related to the 2026 FIFA World Cup; (3) for security, planning, and other costs related to the 2028 Olympics; and (4) for the Operation Stonegarden grant program.

The section also establishes a fund in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to reimburse states and units of local government for costs associated with border security actions taken on or after January 20, 2021. Specifically, DHS shall provide grants for (1) barriers along the southern U.S. border, (2) the detection and interception of certain individuals and illicit drugs, and (3) the relocation of non-U.S. nationals (aliens under federal law) from small population centers to other domestic locations.  

(Sec. 90006) This section provides funding to FEMA to reimburse state and local law enforcement for extraordinary costs associated with protecting a residence of the President. 

(Sec. 90007) This section provides funding to DHS for reimbursement of costs incurred for activities in support of safeguarding U.S. borders.

Subtitle B--Governmental Affairs Provisions

This subtitle revises the Federal Employees Health Benefits (FEHB) Program.

FEHB Protection Act of 2025

(Sec. 90101) This section requires the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) to issue regulations and implement a process to verify (1) the veracity of any qualifying life event through which an enrollee in the FEHB Program seeks to add a family member for coverage under the program; and (2) that, when an enrollee seeks to add a family member to the FEHB program, the individual added is a qualifying family member.

The section also requires OPM to conduct a comprehensive audit regarding family members enrolled in the FEHB program. In conducting this audit, OPM must review marriage certificates, birth certificates, and other appropriate documents to determine eligibility.

OPM must develop a process to disenroll or remove an individual who is not eligible to participate in the FEHB program.  

The section allows for some Employees Health Benefits Fund amounts to be available to OPM in FY2026 to carry out eligibility verification requirements and audit activities.

(Sec. 90102) This section provides FY2026 funding for the Pandemic Response Accountability Committee to support oversight of the coronavirus response and of funds provided pertaining to the coronavirus pandemic. The section extends the committee to September 30, 2034 (currently, the committee terminates on September 30, 2025).

(Sec. 90103) This section provides FY2025 funding to the Office of Management and Budget for purposes of finding budget and accounting efficiencies in the executive branch.

TITLE X--COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY

Subtitle A--Immigration and Law Enforcement Matters

Part I--Immigration Fees

This part establishes additional or increased fees for various immigration programs and procedures.

These fees include those required for

• applications for asylum,
• employment authorizations for asylees, parolees, and individuals granted temporary protected status,
• individuals paroled into the United States,
• individuals applying for special immigrant juvenile status,
• individuals applying for Temporary Protected Status, and
• individuals issued a nonimmigrant visa.

(Sec. 100013) This section establishes various fees for specified judicial and adjudicative filings, including

• filing in immigration court an application for waiver of grounds of inadmissibility,
• filing an appeal of a decision of an immigration judge or a DHS officer, and
• a practitioner filing an appeal in a disciplinary case. 

Part II--Immigration and Law Enforcement Funding

This part provides funding for various immigration agencies and offices for purposes of immigration enforcement, removal, maintenance of facilities, and program operations. This includes the Department of Homeland Security, the Executive Office for Immigration Review, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, the Department of Justice, and the performance of immigration officer functions by state officers and employees.

(Sec. 100056) This section provides funding for the Bureau of Prisons for salaries, benefits, and facilities. 

(Sec. 100057) This section provides funding for the U.S. Secret Service for personnel, bonuses, training facilities, programming, and technology.

Subtitle B--Judiciary Matters

(Sec. 100101) This section provides funding for the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts for the purpose of analysis and reporting regarding the state of the dockets of the courts, including metrics regarding judicial orders for non-party relief against the federal government.

(Sec. 100102) This section provides funding for the Federal Judicial Center for the purpose of carrying out continuing education and training for personnel of the judicial branch, including training on non-party relief against the federal government.

Subtitle C--Radiation Exposure Compensation Matters

This subtitle reestablishes and expands a program to compensate individuals who were exposed to radiation during certain nuclear testing or uranium mining and who subsequently developed medical conditions, particularly cancer. This program compensated individuals who were present in a designated geographic area during a period of nuclear testing and certain individuals employed in uranium mining. The subtitle

• expands the designated areas to include Idaho and New Mexico and additional areas in Nevada and Utah;
• makes more individuals who worked in uranium mining eligible for the program;
• increases the amount of compensation awarded to new eligible claimants; and
• extends through 2028 the fund that supports this program and extends through 2027 the statute of limitations for filing claims (the program expired in 2024).

The subtitle also expands this program to compensate individuals located in specified areas of Missouri, Tennessee, Alaska, or Kentucky associated with waste from the Manhattan Project and who subsequently developed specified types of cancer. 

Update Date: 2025-07-19 00:00:00

Technology for Energy Security Act

Technology for Energy Security Act of 2023

This bill extends the energy investment tax credit for qualified fuel cell property for eight years. 

Under current law, an energy investment tax credit of up to 30% of the cost of qualified fuel cell property is available provided construction of the qualified fuel cell property begins on or before December 31, 2024. This bill extends the energy investment tax credit to include qualified fuel cell property where construction begins on or before December 31, 2032.

Update Date: 2025-07-17 00:00:00

Technology for Energy Security Act

Technology for Energy Security Act

This bill extends the energy investment tax credit for qualified fuel cell property for eight years. 

Under current law, an energy investment tax credit of up to 30% of the cost of qualified fuel cell property is available provided construction of the qualified fuel cell property begins on or before December 31, 2024. This bill extends the energy investment tax credit to include qualified fuel cell property where construction begins on or before December 31, 2032.

Update Date: 2025-07-17 00:00:00

Dependent Income Exclusion Act of 2025

Dependent Income Exclusion Act of 2025

This bill excludes the wages and net earnings from self-employment of a dependent of a taxpayer from the calculation of total household income for purposes of determining eligibility for and the amount of the refundable premium tax credit, subject to limitations.

Under current law, eligible taxpayers may be able to claim the premium tax credit, which applies toward the cost of obtaining health insurance through health insurance exchanges. To be eligible for the credit, a taxpayer’s household income must meet or exceed 100% of the federal poverty level (FPL). For tax years before 2021 and after 2025, taxpayers must have a household income that meets or exceeds 100% but is less than 400% of the FPL to be eligible for the tax credit.

Further, under current law, the calculation of the premium tax credit is based, in part, on taxpayers’ household income such that taxpayers with lower household incomes are eligible for a higher premium tax credit.

The bill excludes from household income the wages and net earnings from self-employment of a dependent of the taxpayer who (1) is under 18 years old; or (2) is under 24 years old and is, during any five calendar months of the year, a full- or part-time student in an educational organization (excluding for-profit educational institutions), is in an apprentice program, or is participating in a job training program.

The amount that may be excluded is limited to 15% of the taxpayer’s modified adjusted gross income. 

Update Date: 2025-07-17 00:00:00

A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to extend the energy credit for qualified fuel cell property.

This bill extends the energy investment tax credit for qualified fuel cell property for eight years.

Under current law, an energy investment tax credit of up to 30% of the cost of qualified fuel cell property is available provided construction of the qualified fuel cell property begins on or before December 31, 2024. This bill extends the energy investment tax credit to include qualified fuel cell property where construction begins on or before December 31, 2032.

Update Date: 2025-07-17 00:00:00

PRO Veterans Act of 2025

Protecting Regular Order for Veterans Act of 2025 or the PRO Veterans Act of 2025

This bill requires the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to provide quarterly budget briefings to Congress and prohibits the VA from providing specified pay incentives to senior level employees.

First, the bill requires VA to provide quarterly budget briefings to Congress, which must include information on any budget shortfalls the VA may be experiencing. The VA must present its plans to address or mitigate shortfalls during such briefings.

Next, the bill prohibits the VA from providing certain senior level employees with a critical skill incentive, which is generally a payment bonus for employees possessing a high-demand skill or skill that is at a shortage. Specifically, the VA may not provide such an incentive to an employee in a Senior Executive Service position or other comparable position at the central office of the VA (e.g., the Veterans Health Administration), regardless of the actual location where the employee performs the functions of the position.

The bill also provides that an incentive may be provided to senior-level employees on an individual basis and upon approval by specified officers (e.g., the Under Secretary for Health). Additionally, senior-level employees whose positions are primarily at the central office of the VA but perform some portion of the job function at other VA facilities are exempt from the prohibition.

The VA must report to Congress annually regarding senior-level employees who were provided a critical skill incentive.

Update Date: 2025-07-18 00:00:00

Great Lakes Mass Marking Program Act of 2025

Great Lakes Mass Marking Program Act of 2025

This bill provides statutory authority for a program of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) for the mass marking of hatchery-produced fish in the Great Lakes basin. Mass marking is the practice of tagging large numbers of hatchery-produced fish in order to distinguish them from the wild fish population. The FWS initiated the program in 2010 on a limited scale. Under the existing program, the FWS (1) tags hatchery-produced fish stocked in the Great Lakes, and (2) produces data used by state and tribal fish management agencies to make management decisions regarding Great Lakes fisheries.

This bill allows the FWS, in carrying out the program, to (1) purchase items to support and carry out tagging and tag recovery operations on a greater scale, and (2) hire additional personnel.

The FWS must make the data collected under the program available to applicable federal, state, and tribal fish management agencies to

• increase the understanding of the outcomes of management action;
• assist in meeting the restoration objectives of the Great Lakes;
• assist in balancing predators and prey;
• support and improve the economic status of tribal, recreational, and commercial fisheries; and
• assist in evaluating the effectiveness of habitat restoration efforts in the Great Lakes.

Update Date: 2025-07-18 00:00:00

Congressional Award Program Reauthorization Act

Congressional Award Program Reauthorization Act

This bill reauthorizes through FY2028 the board that administers the Congressional Award Program, which promotes and recognizes service, initiative, and achievement in America's youth. The reauthorization is effective as if enacted on October 1, 2023. The bill also removes a requirement for program medals to consist of gold-plate over bronze, rhodium over bronze, or bronze.

Update Date: 2025-07-18 00:00:00

Financial Technology Protection Act of 2025

Financial Technology Protection Act of 2025

This bill establishes the Independent Financial Technology Working Group to Combat Terrorism and Illicit Financing. The working group must study and report on terrorist and illicit use of digital assets and other related emerging technologies and develop proposals to improve anti-money laundering and counterterrorist financing efforts.

The working group terminates four years after the bill's enactment or after the working group completes any ongoing activities, whichever is later.

In addition, the Department of the Treasury must (1) report on the potential use of digital assets and other emerging technologies by states, nonstate actors, and terrorist groups for the purpose of evading sanctions to threaten the national security of the United States; and (2) describe a strategy to mitigate and prevent this usage. 

Update Date: 2025-07-18 00:00:00

Equal Opportunity for All Investors Act of 2025

Equal Opportunity for All Investors Act of 2025

This bill expands who may be considered an accredited investor for purposes of participating in private offerings of securities. (Certain unregistered securities may only be offered to accredited investors.)

Specifically, the bill allows an individual to qualify through an examination established by the Securities and Exchange Commission. The examination must

• be designed with an appropriate difficulty level such that an individual with financial sophistication or training would be unlikely to fail,
• include methods to determine competency and knowledge in certain areas such as the disclosure requirements of different securities, and
• be administered by a registered national securities association and offered free of charge to the public.

Currently, accredited investors must satisfy certain requirements indicating their reduced exposure to financial risk, including those related to income, net worth, or knowledge and experience.

Update Date: 2025-07-18 00:00:00

Bolts Ditch Act

Bolts Ditch Act

This bill allows additional entities—the Eagle River Water and Sanitation District and the Upper Eagle Regional Water Authority—to access and use the Bolts Ditch and its headgate within the Holy Cross Wilderness in Colorado for the purposes of the diversion of water and use, maintenance, and repair of such ditch and headgate.

Update Date: 2025-07-18 00:00:00

Enhancing Multi-Class Share Disclosures Act

Enhancing Multi-Class Share Disclosures Act

This bill requires issuers of securities with multi-class share structures to disclose certain information in any proxy solicitation or consent solicitation material. A multi-class share structure occurs when a company issues two or more classes of shares that have different voting rights. For example, a company may issue one class of shares with no or few voting rights for the public, and another class with more voting rights for company founders and executives.

Under the bill, the issuer must disclose certain information about each director, director nominee, named executive officer, and each beneficial owner of securities with 5% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of securities entitled to vote in the election of directors. Specifically, the issuer must disclose (1) the number of shares of all classes of securities entitled to vote in the election of directors beneficially owned by such person, and (2) the amount of voting power held by such person.

Update Date: 2025-07-18 00:00:00

Improving Access to Small Business Information Act

Improving Access to Small Business Information Act

This bill excludes from the Paperwork Reduction Act actions taken by the Office of the Advocate for Small Business Capital Formation within the Securities and Exchange Commission. Under the Paperwork Reduction Act, agencies must comply with specific procedures when gathering information from the public.

The bill establishes several exceptions. For example, the office must inform the person receiving the collection of information the reasons the information is being collected, as required under current law.

Update Date: 2025-07-18 00:00:00

Greenlighting Growth Act

Greenlighting Growth Act

This bill limits the financial information an emerging growth company (EGC) must submit to the Securities and Exchange Commission. An EGC is a type of issuer that qualifies for reduced disclosures after its initial public offering (IPO) if its annual gross revenues are below a specific dollar amount. For example, an EGC must currently provide two years of financial statements after its IPO, rather than the three required for other companies. 

Under the bill, an emerging growth company is not required to present certain financial statements from acquired companies. This applies to statements from the time period prior to the earliest audited period presented in connection with the EGC’s IPO. In addition, the bill provides that no issuer that was formerly an EGC is required to present financial statements older than its earliest audit performed in connection with its IPO. 

Update Date: 2025-07-18 00:00:00

Small Entity Update Act

Small Entity Update Act

This bill requires the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to study approaches to reduce the impact of SEC rules on small businesses and other small entities, make appropriate recommendations, and revise applicable rules. 

Specifically, the bill requires the SEC to evaluate the current definition of small entity with respect to SEC rules.

Under the bill, the SEC must provide specific and detailed recommendations to Congress on how the SEC can revise the definition of small entity to (1) align with specified statutory goals, including reducing unnecessary burdens on small entities; and (2) expand the number of entities covered. In addition, the SEC must adjust for inflation every five years any dollar amounts used to define small entities.

The SEC must also revise the applicable rules to implement these recommendations.

Update Date: 2025-07-18 00:00:00

Middle Market IPO Cost Act

Middle Market IPO Cost Act

This bill requires the Government Accountability Office to study and report on the costs encountered by small- and medium-sized companies when undertaking initial public offerings.

Update Date: 2025-07-18 00:00:00

Korean American Divided Families National Registry Act

Korean American Divided Families National Registry Act

This bill establishes a national registry of Korean American families who wish to be reunited with family members living in North Korea. The bill also requires the Department of State to include reunions of such families in any direct dialogue with North Korea.

Specifically, the bill requires the State Department to (1) collect information on Korean American families, divided from North Korean family members after the Korean War armistice, who wish to be reunited with such family members; and (2) establish a national registry of information on those families to facilitate future reunions. The State Department must ensure that any direct dialogue with North Korea includes progress towards holding such reunions.

The State Department must report to Congress periodically on the registry, previous reunions, and on certain North Korean actions related to reunions.

Update Date: 2025-07-18 00:00:00

Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Bureau of Land Management relating to "Miles City Field Office Record of Decision and Approved Resource Management Plan Amendment".

This joint resolution nullifies the rule submitted by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) relating to the Record of Decision and Approved Resource Management Plan (RMP) Amendment for the Miles City Field Office in Montana and issued on November 20, 2024. 

By way of background, such an amendment revises an RMP, which guides the management of lands administered by BLM. This Miles City Field Office RMP Amendment made no acres available for coal leasing and 1,745,040 acres unavailable for further consideration for coal leasing.

Update Date: 2025-07-18 00:00:00

Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Bureau of Land Management relating to "North Dakota Field Office Record of Decision and Approved Resource Management Plan".

This joint resolution nullifies the rule submitted by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) relating to the Record of Decision and Approved Resource Management Plan (RMP) for the North Dakota Field Office and issued on January 8, 2025. 

By way of background, an RMP guides the management of lands administered by BLM. The 2025 North Dakota RMP modified the 1988 RMP, including by limiting development of oil and gas in low-potential areas and new coal leasing to areas within four miles of existing mines.

Update Date: 2025-07-18 00:00:00

Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Bureau of Land Management relating to "Central Yukon Record of Decision and Approved Resource Management Plan".

This joint resolution nullifies the rule submitted by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) relating to the Record of Decision and Approved Resource Management Plan (RMP) for Alaska’s Central Yukon planning area and issued on November 12, 2024. 

By way of background, an RMP guides the management of lands administered by the BLM. This Central Yukon RMP modified the prior RMP for the area, including by designating 21 areas of critical environmental concern or research natural areas, encompassing approximately 3,611,000 acres.

Update Date: 2025-07-18 00:00:00